La Chaux-de-Fonds

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La Chaux-de-Fonds is a city in Switzerland with an impressive heritage of watch making. has been inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as "La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning".

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Introduction

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French.  (February 2025) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must follow the LLM translation guideline, revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:La Chaux-de-Fonds]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|La Chaux-de-Fonds}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German.  (February 2025) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must follow the LLM translation guideline, revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:La Chaux-de-Fonds]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|La Chaux-de-Fonds}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message) Municipality in Neuchâtel, SwitzerlandLa Chaux-de-FondsMunicipalityLa Chaux de-Fonds in September 2005 FlagCoat of armsLocation of La Chaux-de-FondsLa Chaux-de-FondsShow map of SwitzerlandLa Chaux-de-FondsShow map of Canton of NeuchâtelCoordinates: 47°06′10″N 6°49′48″E / 47.10278°N 6.83000°E / 47.10278; 6.83000CountrySwitzerlandCantonNeuchâtelGovernment • ExecutiveConseil communal with 5 members • MayorPrésident du Conseil communal (list)Théo Huguenin-Elie • ParliamentConseil général with 41 membersArea • Total55.66 km2 (21.49 sq mi)Elevation992 m (3,255 ft)Population (December 2013) • Total38,694 • Density695.2/km2 (1,801/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal code2300SFOS number6421ISO 3166 codeCH-NESurrounded byFontaines, Fournet-Blancheroche (FR-25), Grand'Combe-des-Bois (FR-25), La Ferrière (BE), La Sagne, Le Locle, Les Bois (JU), Les Fontenelles (FR-25), Les Hauts-Geneveys, Les Planchettes, Renan (BE)Twin townsWinterthur (Switzerland), Frameries (Belgium)Websitechaux-de-fonds.ch UNESCO World Heritage Site La Chaux-de-FondsUNESCO World Heritage SiteInteractive map of La Chaux-de-FondsPart ofLa Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle, Watchmaking Town PlanningCriteriaCultural: (iv)Reference114719Inscription2009 (33rd Session)Area213.7 ha (528 acres)Buffer zone2,867.5 ha (7,086 acres) La Chaux-de-Fonds (French: [la ʃodəfɔ̃]; archaic German: Schalu; Arpitan: La Châls) is a Swiss city in the canton of Neuchâtel. It is located in the Jura Mountains at an altitude of 992 metres, a few kilometres south of the French border. After Geneva, Lausanne, Biel/Bienne, and Fribourg, it is the fifth-largest city in the Romandie, the French-speaking part of the country, with a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 36,915. The city was founded in 1656. Its growth and prosperity are mainly bound up with watchmaking. It is the most important centre of the watch-making industry in the area known as the Watch Valley. Partially destroyed by a fire in 1794, La Chaux-de-Fonds was rebuilt following a grid street plan, which was and is still unique among Swiss cities, the only exception being the easternmost section of the city, which was spared by the fire. It creates an exciting and obvious transition from the old section to the newer section. The roads in the original section are very narrow and winding and open to the grid pattern near the town square. The famous architect Le Corbusier, the mathematician Armand Borel, the writer Blaise Cendrars, and the carmaker Louis Chevrolet were born there. La Chaux-de-Fonds is a renowned centre of Art Nouveau. In 2009, La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle, its sister city, were jointly awarded UNESCO World Heritage status for their exceptional universal value.

History

[edit] City of La Chaux-de-Fonds in winter The region was first inhabited around 10,000 years ago (Mesolithic). A skull and other traces have been found in caves nearby. In the middle of the 14th century, the region was colonized from the southern Val-de-Ruz. La Chaux-de-Fonds is first mentioned in 1350 as la Chaz de Fonz. In 1378 it was mentioned as Chault de Font. The name is of uncertain origin, "Chaux" perhaps being of pre-IE origin and meaning -arid plateau, while de Fonds being intended to connect it with Fontaines in Val-de-Ruz. The region was under the authority of the lords of Valangin. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the second wave of colonization came from the so-called Clos de la Franchise (the valleys of Le Locle and La Sagne). Agriculture was the main activity but the village remained small. In 1531 there were only about 35 people living there. The first church was built in 1528. By 1530, La Chaux-de-Fonds, like the rest of the Valangin lands, converted to the new Reformed faith. The Lord of Valanginian, René de Challant, fixed the boundaries of the parish in 1550. The church and parish provided a political structure and a small community of Valanginian citizens, free farmers and peasants grew up around the church. By 1615 there were 355 people living in the village. In 1616, the low and middle jurisdiction over La Chaux-de-Fonds moved to Le Locle and La Sagne, while the high court remained in Valanginian. Agriculture, supplemented by mills on the banks of the Doubs, continued to dominate. However, at the end of the 16th century, the city became an important crossroad between Neuchâtel, Franche-Comté and the Bishopric of Basel. The community grew during the Thirty Years' War, mainly because of its strategic position for trade. Economic activity accelerated in the 18th century with the development of lace- and watch-making. Pierre Jacquet-Droz, best known for his automata, was a particularly prominent watchmaker of this era. In 1794 the city was devastated by fire. Charles-Henri Junod designed the new city in 1835, which is now known for its ‘modern’ grid-like plan, in comparison with most European cities' meandering streets. The central avenue is named the Avenue Léopold Robert. History of the watch-making industry in La-Chaux-de-Fonds[edit] Postcard from 1899, showing the synagogue of La Chaux-de-Fonds, in the Jewish Museum of Switzerland's collection. In the second half of the 18th century, Swiss watch-making was on the rise. Parallel to this and despite residency bans Jewish traders began to settle in the region and became involved in the industry. From 1848 onwards restrictions on residence and settlement of Jews were gradually lifted in the Canton of Neuchâtel. In the 1870s, as American companies began to produce watches and watch parts on an industrial scale, Swiss watch-making experienced a crisis. The traditional model of the individual craftsmen was not compatible with the faster-industrialised production rates, but from the 1880s modernisation slowly but surely took hold in the Swiss watch industry. One of the first modern factories was founded by the Ditesheim brothers Achilles, Leopold and Isidore, who had moved to La Chaux-de-Fonds in 1876. Having joined the trade towards the end of the 19th century, many Jewish manufacturers were less bound to the traditional ideas. Thus they were particularly involved and invested in modernisation processes. The Ditesheim company gained international renown and was renamed ‘Movado’ in 1905. Encouraged by economic success, more newcomers arrived, among them many Jews. Of the 180 or so medium-sized family businesses in the town, about 30 per cent were owned by Jewish families in 1912. The Jewish community had grown from 541 to 900 members in the span of about 20 years. During the First World War the watch companies largely received armament commissions (for instance for the production of precision fuses for artillery shells). These commissions died down with the end of the war. From 1933, in the run up to the Second World War, Jewish producers began to struggle as their Jewish contacts in occupied countries increasingly faced persecution. Some Jewish companies in La Chaux-de-Fonds were under surveillance from German spies, suspected of illegally exporting war materials for the Allied Forces. History of anarchism[edit] La Chaux-de-Fonds was one of the centers of the Jura Federation of the First International. After the Saint-Imier Congress, marking the birth of the anarchist movement, one of the first anarchist newspapers, the Bulletin de la Fédération jurassienne, was published in the town. This newspaper had a 'very important role' according to historian René Bianco.

Demographics

[edit] Modern buildings along Avenue Léopold Robert in La Chaux-de-Fonds Buildings on rue du Nord La Chaux-de-Fonds has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 36,915. As of 2008[update], 29.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 1.3%. It has changed at a rate of 1.4% due to migration and at a rate of −0.2% due to births and deaths. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speak French (31,653 or 85.5%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (1,335 or 3.6%) and Portuguese is the third (1,173 or 3.2%). There are 900 people who speak German and 32 people who speak Romansh. As of 2008[update], the population was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. The population was made up of 12,444 Swiss men (33.2% of the population) and 5,578 (14.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 14,513 Swiss women (38.7%) and 4,988 (13.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 15,164 or about 41.0% were born in La Chaux-de-Fonds and lived there in 2000. There were 3,778 or 10.2% who were born in the same canton, while 6,962 or 18.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 9,651 or 26.1% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2000[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.6%. As of 2000[update], there were 14,380 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 17,285 married individuals, 2,573 widows or widowers and 2,778 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000[update], there were 17,207 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 7,087 households that consist of only one person and 747 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 16,833 apartments (88.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 1,376 apartments (7.3%) were seasonally occupied and 756 apartments (4.0%) were empty. As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 2.05%.

Heritage sites of national significance

[edit] La Chaux-de-Fonds is home to 23 Swiss heritage sites of national significance along with the UNESCO World Heritage Site of La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle. Library/museum/theater: Bibliothèque de la Ville de la Chaux-de-Fonds et Département audiovisuel (DAV), Musée des beaux-arts de La Chaux-de-Fonds, Musée d‘histoire naturelle, the Musée international d’horlogerie «l’homme et le temps» and the Théâtre et Salle de musique on Avenue Léopold-Robert 27–29 Religious: Synagogue on Rue du Parc 63 Farms: Ferme des Brandt at Les Petites-Corsettes 6, Ferme Haute Fie and Maison Carrée at Le Valanvron 9 and Ferme les Crêtets on Rue des Crêtets 148 Companies: Spillmann SA on Rue du Doubs 32 and Usine électrique at Rue Numa-Droz 174 Houses: Villa Anatole Schwob on Rue du Doubs 167, Villa Fallet on Chemin de Pouillerel 1, Villa Gallet on Rue David-Pierre-Bourquin 55, Villa Jaquemet on Chemin de Pouillerel 8, Villa Stotzer on Chemin de Pouillerel 6 and Maison Blanche at Chemin de Pouillerel 12 Other buildings: the slaughterhouse (Abattoirs) on Rue du Commerce 120–126, the Ancien Manège (collective house from 1968), the crematorium on Rue de la Charrière, the Domaine des Arbres, the Grande Fontaine on Avenue Léopold-Robert and the Loge l’Amitié, after the horrid mudslide that occurred which destroyed the city of La Chaux. Usine électrique Spillmann SA Ancien Manège Crematorium Domaine des Arbres Farm House les Crêtets Museum des Beaux-Arts Maison Blanche Théâtre and Salle de musique Synagogue Library of the City of Chaux-de-Fonds Abattoirs Farm House des Brandt Farm House Haute Fie Grand Fountain Loge l‘Amitié Museum international d’horlogerie Villa Anatole Schwob Villa Fallet Villa Gallet Villa Jaquemet

Climate

[edit] Climate data for La Chaux-de-Fonds, elevation 1,017 m (3,337 ft), (1991–2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.0(37.4) 3.6(38.5) 7.1(44.8) 11.0(51.8) 15.0(59.0) 18.9(66.0) 20.8(69.4) 20.7(69.3) 16.6(61.9) 12.8(55.0) 7.2(45.0) 3.8(38.8) 11.7(53.1) Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0(30.2) −0.7(30.7) 2.6(36.7) 6.1(43.0) 10.2(50.4) 13.8(56.8) 15.6(60.1) 15.4(59.7) 11.5(52.7) 8.0(46.4) 3.1(37.6) −0.1(31.8) 7.0(44.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.4(22.3) −5.4(22.3) −2.1(28.2) 1.1(34.0) 4.9(40.8) 8.5(47.3) 10.2(50.4) 9.9(49.8) 6.7(44.1) 3.4(38.1) −1.1(30.0) −4.1(24.6) 2.2(36.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 106.6(4.20) 93.0(3.66) 98.9(3.89) 96.1(3.78) 130.9(5.15) 119.3(4.70) 131.1(5.16) 131.2(5.17) 114.2(4.50) 117.2(4.61) 117.7(4.63) 132.5(5.22) 1,388.7(54.67) Average snowfall cm (inches) 54.1(21.3) 61.3(24.1) 36.0(14.2) 13.1(5.2) 1.0(0.4) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 3.0(1.2) 28.8(11.3) 55.8(22.0) 253.1(99.6) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.3 11.5 11.4 11.7 14.4 12.8 12.5 11.6 10.4 12.3 11.9 13.6 146.4 Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 8.9 9.6 6.4 2.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 5.1 9.2 42.5 Average relative humidity (%) 82 79 75 73 75 75 74 76 80 81 82 83 78 Mean monthly sunshine hours 95.2 106.2 144.0 159.7 170.6 192.2 214.8 205.3 160.1 133.6 92.5 79.7 1,753.9 Percentage possible sunshine 38 40 42 43 40 45 50 52 47 44 37 35 44 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: MeteoSwiss In July 2023, La Chaux-de-Fonds experienced a severe storm, resulting in one fatality and approximately 40 injuries. The storm, characterized by powerful winds reaching speeds of up to 217 km/h, inflicted significant damage to the town's infrastructure, leading to estimated repair costs of CHF 70-90 million. The destructive winds tore roofs off buildings, toppled trees, and impacted thousands of structures and vehicles. Meteorological analysis suggested that the wind pattern resembled a downburst rather than a tornado, a weather phenomenon caused by a sudden cooling of air within a thunderstorm.

Notable people

[edit] Léopold Robert Numa Droz Le Corbusier, 1964 Blaise Cendrars, c.1907 Adrienne von Speyr, c. 1930 Anne-Lise Grobéty, 1993 Magali Di Marco Messmer, 2008 18th C[edit] Pierre Jaquet-Droz (1721–1790), mathematician, watchmaker and machine designer Jean-Pierre Droz (1746–1823), medalist and Minter Heinrich Franz Brandt (1789–1845), a Swiss-born medal designer Louis Léopold Robert (1794–1835), painter Fritz Courvoisier (1799–1854), a watchmaker, military man and politician. 19th C[edit] Aimé Humbert-Droz (1819–1900), a Swiss politician, traveller and educator; President of the Swiss Council of States 1856 Léon Gallet (1832–1899), watchmaker, entrepreneur, philanthropist, and past family patriarch of Gallet & Co., watchmakers Elise, Countess of Edla (born Elise Friedericke Hensler) (1836–1929), a Swiss-born American actress and singer and the morganatic second wife of King Ferdinand II of Portugal Numa Droz (1844–1899), politician and Bundesrat (FDP) Paul Charles Dubois (1848–1918), a Swiss neuropathologist Oscar Tschirky (1866–1950), a Swiss-American restaurateur who was maître d'hôtel of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, emigrated in 1883 Jules Jacot-Guillarmod (1868-1925), a Swiss physician, mountaineer and photographer Paul Ditisheim (1868-1945), a Swiss watchmaker, inventor and industrialist Theophil Friedrich Christen (1873–1920), mathematician, physician, economist and a doctor Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), lived in La Chaux-de-Fonds during his Swiss exile Louis Kollros (1878–1959), a Swiss mathematician and academic Louis Chevrolet (1878–1941), a Swiss race car driver, co-founder of the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the US in 1911 Suzanne Girault (1882–1973), a Swiss-born French politician, co-leader of the French Communist Party Arthur Chevrolet (1884–1946), a Swiss race car driver and automobile manufacturer Georges Sauser-Hall (1884-1966), scholar of comparative and international law Le Corbusier (1887–1965), a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and a pioneer of modern architecture, born here as Charles-Edouard Jeanneret. Blaise Cendrars (1887–1961), poet and novelist of the European modernist movement, born as Frédéric-Louis Sauser Theophil Spoerri (1890-1974), a Swiss writer and academic with a strong religious element Jules Humbert-Droz (1891–1971), politician, Communist International, KPS & SP Alfred Stucky (1892-1969), a Swiss engineer specialising in concrete dams Eugénie Droz (1893–1976), a Swiss romance scholar, editor, publisher and writer René Richard (1895–1982), a Swiss-born Canadian painter of semi-abstract landscapes of the Canadian wilderness, emigrated 1909 Charles Barraud (1897–1997), a Swiss painter François Barraud (1899–1934), a Swiss painter 20th C[edit] Aimé Barraud (1902–1954), a Swiss painter, part of Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) René Ferté (1903–1958), a Swiss silent movie actor in the French cinema Adrienne von Speyr (1902–1967), a Swiss Catholic physician, writer, theologian and a mystic and stigmatist. Pierre Graber (1908–2003), politician and Bundesrat (SP) Georges Piroué (1920–2005), writer Monsignor Pierre Mamie (1920–2008), the Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg 1970-1995 Armand Borel (1923–2003), a Swiss mathematician, worked in algebraic topology and co-created the contemporary theory of linear algebraic groups Pierre Aubert (1927–2016), lawyer, politician and Bundesrat François Pantillon (born 1928), composer and conductor Daniel Pauly (born 1946), a French-born marine biologist and fisheries scientist Grégoire Müller (born 1947), a contemporary Swiss figurative painter and writer, lives in La Chaux-de-Fonds Anne-Lise Grobéty (1949–2010), a French-language Swiss journalist and author of short stories, poetry and radio plays Franck Muller (born 1958), a Swiss watchmaker of watches €38,000 average price Anita Porchet (born 1961), a Swiss watch enameller Nuria Gorrite (born 1970), grew up in Morges, President of the Council of State of Vaud Stefano Macaluso (born 1975), an Italian businessman, has lived in La Chaux-de-Fonds since 2003, works with watches Samuel Blaser (born 1981), a Swiss trombonist and composer. Sport[edit] Georges Antenen (1903–1979), a Swiss cyclist, competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics Pierre-André Flückiger (1919-??), a Swiss sports shooter, competed at the 1952 and 1960 Summer Olympics Willy Kernen (1929-2009), a Swiss footballer, earned 41 caps for the Switzerland national football team and participated in three World Cups. Charles Antenen (1929–2000), footballer, 472 team games and 56 games for the national side Nicole Petignat (born 1966), a Swiss former football referee Magali Messmer (born 1971), professional elite triathlete, bronze medallist at the 2008 Summer Olympics Olivia Nobs (born 1982), a Swiss snowboarder, bronze medallist at the 2010 Winter Olympics Sabrina Jaquet (born 1987), a Swiss Badminton player, competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Notes and references

[edit] "La Chaux-de-Fonds" in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen" (in German). Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019. ^ a b "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ UNESCO world heritage site ^ a b c d e "La Chaux-de-Fonds" in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ The Le Corbusier Guide, Google Books ^ La Chaux-de-Fonds et le Locle Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Swiss Tourism Site ^ a b Mahrer, Picard, Stefanie, Jacques. Uhrmacher, in: Diner, Dan (Hg.): Enzyklopädie jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur, vol. 6, Stuttgart 2015, S. 207–211.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Mahrer, Stefanie (2012). Handwerk der Moderne. Jüdischer Uhrmacher und Uhrenunternehmer im Neuenburger Jura 1800 – 1914. Boehlau. ISBN 978-3-412-20935-3. ^ a b Battegay, Lubrich, Caspar, Naomi (2018). Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories. Basel: Christoph Merian. pp. 106–109. ISBN 978-3856168476.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Factsheet La Chaux-de-Fonds". ^ a b Bianco, René. "Bulletin de la Fédération jurassienne de l'AIT". Le Bianco (in French). Archived from the original on 31 October 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2026. ^ "Bulletin de la Fédération Jurassienne". La Presse Anarchiste (in French). Archived from the original on 7 September 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2026. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010 ^ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz (in German) accessed 15 February 2018 ^ Flags of the World.com accessed 20-October-2011 ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Superweb database – Gemeinde Statistics 1981–2008 Archived 28 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 19 June 2010 ^ a b c d e f g Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed 20-October-2011 ^ a b c d e STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000 Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011 ^ Canton of Neuchatel Statistics Deprecated link archived 5 December 2012 at archive.today, République et canton de Neuchâtel – Recensement annuel de la population (in German) accessed 13 October 2011 ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB – Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 – Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived 7 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011 ^ "Kantonsliste A-Objekte". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton Archived 14 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 May 2010 ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1–3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011 ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Statweb Deprecated link archived 4 August 2012 at archive.today (in German) accessed 24 June 2010 ^ La Chaux-de-Fonds – Contrôle des habitants Archived 7 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in French) accessed 7 February 2016 ^ EDK/CDIP/IDES (2010). Kantonale Schulstrukturen in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein / Structures Scolaires Cantonales en Suisse et Dans la Principauté du Liechtenstein (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 24 June 2010. ^ Statistical Department of the Canton of Neuchâtel Archived 14 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Mémento de l'année scolaire 2010/2011 (in French) accessed 17 October 2011 ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, list of libraries Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 14 May 2010 ^ Catherine Cardinal, Jean-Michael Piquet, Catalogue of Selected Pieces, Institut l'homme et le temps, pg. 5 ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024. ^ "Climate Normals La Chuax-de-Fonds (Reference period 1991−2020)" (PDF). Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ swissinfo.ch/mga (26 July 2023). "La Chaux-de-Fonds storm damage estimated at CHF90 million". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 10 February 2024. ^ "Brandt, Heinrich Franz" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. ^ "Robert, Louis Léopold" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 25 November 2018 ^ Conseil des Communes et Regions d'Europe (in French) accessed 27 April 2011

La Chaux-de-Fonds

From Wikipedia

Introduction

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

History

Geography

Coat of arms

Demographics

Historical population

Heritage sites of national significance

Politics

Economy

Religion

Education

Culture

Transport

Climate

Notable people

Watch companies

Twin town

Notes and references