Introduction
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All year Antarctic base with civilian presenceEsperanza Base
Base EsperanzaAll year Antarctic base with civilian presenceView of Esperanza Base, January 2016
EmblemMotto:  Spanish: Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio ("Permanence, an act of sacrifice")Esperanza BaseLocation of Esperanza Base in AntarcticaCoordinates: 63°23′54″S 56°59′46″W / 63.3983333°S 56.9961111°W / -63.3983333; -56.9961111Country ArgentinaRegion
Graham Land
Antarctic Peninsula
Location
Hope Bay
Trinity Peninsula
Administered byArgentine Antarctic Institute (under the supervision of the Argentine National Antarctic Directorate)EstablishedDecember 17, 1953 (1953-12-17)Named afterSpanish: Base Esperanza ("Hope Base")Area • Urban0.3744 ha (0.925 acres)Elevation25 m (82 ft)Population (2017) • Summer116 • Winter56UN/LOCODEAQ ESPTypeAll-year roundPeriodAnnualStatusOperationalActivities
List
Limnology Glaciology Seismology Oceanography Geology
Esperanza Base (Spanish: Base Esperanza, 'Hope Base') is a permanent, all-year-round Argentine research station in Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula (in Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula). It is the only civilian settlement on the Antarctic mainland (the Chilean Villa Las Estrellas is on the South Shetland Islands). The base's motto is Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio ('Permanence, an act of sacrifice').
Description
[edit]
Built in 1953, the base houses 56 inhabitants in winter, including 10 families and 2 school teachers. Provincial school #38 Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (formerly named Julio Argentino Roca) was founded in 1978 and acquired independent status in 1997. It maintains the furthest South Scout troop. The base has an Argentine civil register office where births and weddings are recorded. The base has tourist facilities that are visited by about 1,100 tourists each year.
The LRA 36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel radio station started transmitting in 1979 and currently broadcasts on 15476 kHz shortwave and 96.7 MHz FM. It is one of the southernmost radio stations in the world and its range signal includes audio identification in multiple languages. The host of "Panorama Nacional" Marcelo Ayala told at the beginning of 2024 about his life experience and broadcast by LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel.
A wind generator was installed in 2008, mounted by INVAP.
The 43 buildings of the station have a combined space of 3,744 square metres (40,300 sq ft) covered; 18,000 litres (4,800 US gal) of fuel are used annually by the four generators to produce electricity for the station. Research projects include: glaciology, seismology, oceanography, coastal ecology, biology, geology, and limnology.
In the Hope Bay incident in 1952, this area was also the scene of the only shots fired in anger in Antarctica, when an Argentine shore party fired a machine gun over the heads of a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey team unloading supplies from the John Biscoe to rebuild its damaged base. Following the Argentine show of force, the British team returned to the Falkland Islands. Shortly afterwards, Argentina issued a diplomatic apology, saying there had been a misunderstanding and the military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority. Despite this initial outward show of deference, the party was later welcomed back to Argentina with a hero's welcome. In the meantime, the John Biscoe had returned from the Falklands with a military escort and completed rebuilding the British base. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 now treats the continent as a laboratory open to all, and provides that "no acts or activities ... shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty."
People
[edit]
Main article: List of people born at Esperanza Base
The base was the birthplace of Emilio Palma, the first person to be born in Antarctica. There have been at least ten other children born at the base.
Climate
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Like the rest of the Antarctic Peninsula, Esperanza Base has a tundra climate (Köppen: ET, Trewartha: Ftkc) characterized by strong winds that descend downwards from the Antarctic ice sheet. These winds can exceed 250 km/h (160 mph), leading to blowing snow and reduced visibility.
Mean monthly temperatures range from −10.8 °C (12.6 °F) in July, the coldest month, to 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) in January, the warmest month. During summer (December–February), the average high is between 3.8 and 4.3 °C (38.8 and 39.7 °F) while the average low is between −2.0 and −1.2 °C (28.4 and 29.8 °F). In winter, mean temperatures are around −10.2 °C (13.6 °F). A temperature of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) was recorded on 24 March 2015. This reading was the highest temperature ever recorded on mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands, until on 6 February 2020, a new high of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) was recorded at the base, being the current record and considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be the highest temperature ever recorded for mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands. The lowest temperature ever recorded is −38.4 °C (−37.1 °F) on 18 July 1994.
The temperature trend since 1948 is +0.0315 °C/yr (+0.0567 °F/yr) (annual), +0.0413 °C/yr (+0.0743 °F/yr) (winter) and +0.0300 °C/yr (+0.0540 °F/yr) (summer).
Climate data for Esperanza (1991–2020, extremes 1945–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
14.9(58.8)
18.3(64.9)
17.5(63.5)
17.1(62.8)
17.2(63.0)
15.4(59.7)
14.0(57.2)
13.0(55.4)
11.4(52.5)
17.0(62.6)
14.3(57.7)
14.6(58.3)
18.3(64.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
4.3(39.7)
3.9(39.0)
1.4(34.5)
−1.7(28.9)
−3.2(26.2)
−6.2(20.8)
−6.4(20.5)
−5.1(22.8)
−2.6(27.3)
−0.2(31.6)
2.3(36.1)
3.8(38.8)
−0.8(30.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
1.5(34.7)
0.9(33.6)
−2.0(28.4)
−5.5(22.1)
−7.4(18.7)
−10.4(13.3)
−10.8(12.6)
−9.5(14.9)
−6.9(19.6)
−4.1(24.6)
−0.9(30.4)
0.8(33.4)
−4.5(23.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−1.2(29.8)
−2.0(28.4)
−5.2(22.6)
−8.9(16.0)
−11.2(11.8)
−14.1(6.6)
−15.0(5.0)
−13.7(7.3)
−10.9(12.4)
−7.8(18.0)
−3.9(25.0)
−1.8(28.8)
−8.0(17.6)
Record low °C (°F)
−8.5(16.7)
−13.2(8.2)
−20.9(−5.6)
−26.0(−14.8)
−29.6(−21.3)
−30.0(−22.0)
−38.4(−37.1)
−32.0(−25.6)
−32.6(−26.7)
−23.2(−9.8)
−18.0(−0.4)
−9.7(14.5)
−38.4(−37.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
56.2(2.21)
65.0(2.56)
75.5(2.97)
59.1(2.33)
54.4(2.14)
47.4(1.87)
54.1(2.13)
72.1(2.84)
62.2(2.45)
56.4(2.22)
65.0(2.56)
59.0(2.32)
726.4(28.60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
14
14
17
17
14
11
13
15
15
15
16
16
177
Average snowy days
13.6
12.1
14.8
16.0
15.4
14.8
15.2
15.4
15.1
16.6
15.5
14.1
178.6
Average relative humidity (%)
82
80
80
80
80
79
80
80
79
80
81
80
80
Mean monthly sunshine hours
167.4
130.0
93.0
63.0
27.9
6.0
18.6
52.7
87.0
130.2
159.0
186.0
1,120.8
Mean daily sunshine hours
5.4
4.6
3.0
2.1
0.9
0.2
0.6
1.7
2.9
4.2
5.3
6.0
3.1
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (temperature/snowy days/sun 1991–2020, precipitation 1961–1990), NOAA (precipitation 1961–1990)
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows), Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1982–1995)(June maximum temperature record)
Historic site
[edit]
LighthouseGrunden Rock Lighthouse LocationGrunden Rock, Esperanza Base, Antarctic Treaty area, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica Coordinates63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.4°S 57°W / -63.4; -57TowerConstructed1952 Constructionglass fiber (tower), concrete (foundation) Automated1994 Height6 m (20 ft) Shapecylinder MarkingsRed (tower) , Stripe (2, black, horizontal orientation) Power sourcesolar power OperatorArgentine Navy LightFirst lit1994 Focal height26 m (85 ft) Range8.9 nmi (16.5 km; 10.2 mi), 6 nmi (11 km; 6.9 mi) CharacteristicFl W 2s 
Cemetery at Esperanza Station
A group of items or structures of historic significance at, or close to, the base have been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 40), following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. These comprise a bust of General San Martin, a grotto with a statue of the Virgin of Lujan, a flagpole erected in 1955, and a cemetery with a stele commemorating Argentine expedition members who died in the area.
General Martín Güemes Refuge
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Refuge General Martín Güemes is the name given to two shelters in Antarctica. The first one is covered by ice, the second one is active. The refuge is Administered by the Argentine Army and depends on Esperanza Base, which is responsible for maintenance and care. The two refuges are located on the Tabarin Peninsula on the eastern tip of the Trinity Peninsula on the Antarctic Peninsula 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of Esperanza. The refuges pay homage to Martín Miguel de Güemes, a military man who served an outstanding role in the Argentine war of independence.
General Martín Güemes I Refuge[edit]
The first refuge 63°29′00″S 57°00′00″W / 63.483333°S 57°W / -63.483333; -57 was located on the north east coast of the Duse Bay of the Trinity Peninsula and opened on October 23, 1953. Jorge Edgar Leal [es], at that time head of the newly created Esperanza Base, participated in its construction, being one of the first refuges installed by the Army and the second in the continental Antarctica. The refuge was destroyed by the ice in 1960.
General Martín Güemes II Refuge[edit]
The second refuge 63°30′14″S 57°07′25″W / 63.503911°S 57.123603°W / -63.503911; -57.123603 is active and is located in the Tabarin Peninsula and was inaugurated on September 15, 1959. It has capacity for six people, food for a month, fuel, gas and a first aid kit.[circular reference]
