Introduction
Metropolitan municipality in Erzurum Province, TurkeyErzurumMetropolitan municipalityClockwise from top: Erzurum Citadel, Çifte Minareli Medrese, Yakutiye Medresesi, Erzurum Congress Museum, The Three Kümbets (Üç Kümbetler), K-95 and K-125 ski jumping towers at the Mt. Palandöken ski resort, Atatürk Monument
Emblem of Erzurum Metropolitan MunicipalityErzurumLocation of ErzurumCoordinates: 39°54′31″N 41°16′37″E / 39.90861°N 41.27694°E / 39.90861; 41.27694CountryTurkeyProvinceErzurum ProvinceGovernment • MayorMehmet Sekmen (AKP)Elevation1,890 m (6,200 ft)Population (2021) • Urban767,848Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)ClimateDfbWebsitewww.erzurum.bel.tr
Erzurum (Armenian: Կարին, romanized: Karin; Kurdish: Erzîrom) is a city in eastern Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of ancient Theodosiopolis.
The city uses the double-headed eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif that has been a common symbol throughout Anatolia since the Bronze Age.
Erzurum has winter sports facilities, hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade, and the 2023 Winter Deaflympics (in March 2024).
Name and etymology
[edit]
The city was originally known in Armenian as Karno K'aghak' (Armenian: Կարնոյ քաղաք), meaning city of Karin, to distinguish it from the district of Karin (Կարին). It is presumed its name was derived from a local tribe called the Karenitis. An alternate theory contends that a local princely family, the Kamsarakans, the Armenian off-shoot of the Iranian Kārin Pahlav family, lent its name to the locale that eventually became the city.
During Roman times, Erzurum was named Theodosiopolis (Latin: Theodosiopolis, Greek: Θεοδοσιούπολις). On the Tabula Peutingeriana it is called Autisparate. After the Arab conquest of Armenia in the seventh century, the city was known to the Arabs as Kālīkalā (adopted from the original Armenian name Karno K'aghak').
It received its present name after its conquest by the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. In 1048/49, a neighboring commercial city named Artze (Arcn, Arzan; Armenian: Արծն) was heavily sacked by the Seljuks. Its Armenian, Assyrian, and other Christian inhabitants moved to Theodosiopolis, which they began calling Artsn Rum (meaning 'Artze of the Rûm', i.e., Romans) to distinguish it from their former residence.
Some older sources derive the name Erzurum from the Arabic Arḍu ar-Rūm (Arabic: ارض الروم) 'land of the Rûm'.
During the brief period it came under Georgian rule,[when?] the city was known as Karnu-kalaki (Georgian: კარნუ-ქალაქი).
The following variants of the name also occur: Erzerum, Arzrum.
History
[edit]
Further information: Erzurum Province § History
Early history[edit]
Yakutiye Medresesi in the city center
The surroundings of Erzurum at the Urartian period presumably belonged to Diauehi.
Later, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the Artaxiad and Arsacid kings of Armenia, Karin served as the capital of the eponymous canton of Karin, in the province Bardzr Hayk' (Upper Armenia). After the partition of Armenia between the Eastern Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia in 387 AD, the city passed into the hands of the Romans who fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor Theodosius I.
As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors Anastasius I and Justinian I both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.
Middle Ages[edit]
"A Prospect of Erzeron the Capital of Armenia" from Joseph Pitton de Tournefort's 1717 book Relation d'un voyage du Levant
The Seljuk era Çifte Minareli Medrese (Twin Minaret Madrasa) is the symbol of the city and appears on its coat of arms.
Theodosiopolis was conquered by the Umayyad general Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik in 700/701. It became the capital of the emirate of Ḳālīḳalā and was used as a base for raids into Byzantine territory. Though only an island of Arab power within Christian Armenian-populated territory, the native population was generally a reliable client of the Caliph's governors. As the power of the Caliphate declined, and the resurgence of Byzantium began, the local Armenian leaders preferred the city to be under the control of powerless Muslim emirs rather than powerful Byzantine emperors.
Image from Alexandre Lacauchie’s book on the traditional costumes of every nation. Pictures two Armenian women from Erzurum in their traditional attire. circa 1847
In 931, and again in 949, Byzantine forces led by Theophilos Kourkouas, grandfather of the future emperor John I Tzimiskes, captured Theodosiopolis. Its Arab population was expelled and the city was resettled by Greeks and Armenians. Emperor Basil II rebuilt the city and its defenses in 1018 with the help of the local Armenian population. In 1071, after the decisive battle at Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks took possession of Theodosiopolis. The Saltukids were rulers of an Anatolian beylik (principality) centered in Erzurum, who ruled from 1071 to 1202. Melike Mama Hatun, sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.
Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and Georgians (the latter knew the city as Karnu-Kalaki) until 1201 when the city and the province was conquered by the Seljuk sultan Süleymanshah II. Erzen-Erzurum fell to the Mongol siege in 1242, and the city was looted and devastated. After the fall of the Sultanate of Rum in early 14th century, it became an administrative province of the Ilkhanate, and later on the city was under Empire of Trebizond occupation for a while around the 1310s. Then became part of the Timurid Empire, the Çoban beylik, Black Sheep Turkmen, and White Sheep Turkmen. It subsequently passed to Safavid Persia, until the Ottomans under Selim I in 1514 conquered it through the Battle of Chaldiran. During Ottoman imperial rule, the city served as the main base of military power in the region.
It served as the capital of the eyalet of Erzurum. Early in the seventeenth century, the province was threatened by Safavid Persia and a revolt by the province governor Abaza Mehmed Pasha. This revolt was combined with Jelali Revolts (the uprising of the provincial musketeers called the Jelali), backed by Iran and lasted until 1628. In 1733, Iranian ruler Nader Shah took Erzurum during the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35), but the city returned to Ottoman possession following his death in 1747.
Modern history[edit]
In 1821, during the last major Ottoman-Persian War, the Ottomans were decisively defeated at Erzurum by the Iranian Qajars at the Battle of Erzurum (1821). In 1829 the city was captured by the Russian Empire, but was returned to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne), in September of the same year. During the Crimean War Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of Kars. The city was unsuccessfully attacked (Battle of Erzurum (1877)) by a Russian army in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877–78. However, in February 1878, the Russians took Erzurum without resistance, but it was again returned to the Ottoman Empire, this time under the Treaty of San Stefano. There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the Hamidian massacres (1894–1896).
World War I and Turkish War of independence[edit]
Sanasarian College was one of the premier Armenian educational institutions in Erzurum on the eve of the First World War. Its faculty was murdered during the 1915 genocide.
The 40,000-strong Armenian population was deported from the city and killed en masse during the 1915 Armenian genocide. Their cultural institutions, including churches, clubs, and schools, were looted, destroyed, or otherwise left derelict. When Russian forces occupied Erzurum in 1916, there were scarcely 200 Armenians left alive.
The city was also the location of one of the key battles in the Caucasus Campaign of World War I between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian Empires. This resulted in the capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under the command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, one of the key founders of the modern Turkish Republic, resigned from the Ottoman army in Erzurum and was declared an "Honorary Native" and freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The Erzurum Congress of 1919 was one of the starting points of the Turkish War of Independence.
Inspectorate General[edit]
In September 1935, Erzurum was made the seat of the newly created third Inspectorate General (Umumi Müfettişlik, UM). The third UM span over the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Kars Gümüşhane, Erzincan and Ağrı. It was governed by an Inspector General. The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.
Ecclesiastical history
[edit]
Theodosiopolis was important enough in the Late Roman province of Armenia Tertia to become a bishopric, which the Annuario Pontificio lists as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Comachus, but in Notitiae Episcopatuum from the seventh and early tenth centuries, its (later?) Metropolitan is the Archdiocese of Caesarea in Cappadocia. In either case, it was in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Its historically recorded Suffragan Bishops were :
Petrus I, intervening at the council of 448 convoked by Patriarch Flavian of Constantinople in his see to condemn Archimandrite Eutyches as a heretic for his extreme opposition to Nestorianism
Manasse intervened at the Council of Chalcedon in 451
Petrus II participated in the 533 dispute in Constantinople between 'orthodoxy' and Monophysitism
As ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
Council of Theodosiopolis (593)[edit]
After the long Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591, Byzantine rule was extended to all western parts of Armenia, and emperor Maurice (582-602) decided to strengthen political control over the region by supporting pro-Chalcedonian fraction of the Armenian Church. In 593, regional council of western Armenian bishops met in Theodosiopolis, proclaimed allegiance to the Chalcedonian Definition and elected John (Yovhannes, or Hovhannes) of Bagaran as new Catholicos of Chalcedonian Armenians.
As Ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic titular see, renamed as Titular Archiepiscopal See of Aprus. Its post is vacant since 1968, Antonio Gregorio Vuccino was its last archbishop.
Demographics
[edit]
In 1829, Erzurum had 130,000 inhabitants, including 30,000 Armenians. In 1909, there were 60,000 inhabitants, including 15,000 Armenians (2,500 families). Armenians mainly lived in the northern and northwestern districts of the city. On the eve of the First World War, 37,480 Armenians lived in the kaza of Erzurum, with 43 churches, three monasteries and 52 schools. All but about 200 Armenians were executed during the Armenian genocide.
Today, the city has a Lom population.
Economy
[edit]
Further information: Erzurum Province
Jewelry shops in Taşhan
Erzurum Administrative Justice Palace
One of the largest source of income and economic activity in the city has been Atatürk University. Established in 1950, it is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism also provides a portion of the province's revenues. The city is a popular destination in Turkey for winter sports at the nearby Palandöken Mountain.
Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips.
For now, Erzurum is the ending point of the South Caucasus Pipeline, also called the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) pipeline. Erzurum will also be the starting point of the planned Nabucco pipeline which will carry natural gas from the Caspian Sea basin to the European Union member states. The intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria to build the Nabucco pipeline was signed by five Prime Ministers on 13 July 2009 in Ankara. The European Union was represented at the ceremony by the President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso and the Commissioner for Energy Andris Piebalgs, while the United States was represented by the Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy Richard Morningstar and the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senator Richard Lugar.
Tourism
[edit]
Erzurum Regional Research Hospital
Palandöken in August 2009, as seen from downtown Erzurum.
A mosque view in Erzurum.
Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the 13th century Çifte Minareli Medrese (the "Twin Minaret" madrasa). Visitors may also wish to visit the Çobandede Bridge, which dates back to late 13th century, the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque and the Grand Mosque.
Culture
[edit]
A waxwork illustrating a man and a woman in traditional costumes, Yakutiye Medresesi, Erzurum.
Cuisine[edit]
Cağ Kebab of Erzurum.
One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is Cağ Kebab. Although this kebab variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining widespread popularity around Turkey.
Kadayıf dolması is a dessert made with shreds of kadayif dough wrapped around crushed walnuts.
Other regional food items include su böreği (wet pastry), ekşili dolma (sour stuffed vegetables), kesme çorbası (soup), ayran aşı yayla çorbası (nomads soup), çiriş, şalgam dolması (stuffed turnip), blue chechil and yumurta pilavı (egg pilaf).
Erzurum additionally has a unique tea tradition. "Kıtlama" refers to a traditional sugar that is consumed by drinking tea with the sugar cube in one's mouth to let the sweetener slowly dissolve. Many people in Erzurum also prefer to drink their tea with a slice of lemon, as it is believed the lemon soaks up impurities and improves digestion.
Education
[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding missing information. (April 2020)
Atatürk University in Erzurum
Erzurum Technical University and Atatürk University are located in Erzurum. Nearly 10% of the city's population are university students, ranking it the city in Turkey with the 10th highest proportion of higher education students.
Sanasarian College was an Armenian-language educational institution formerly located in Erzurum. It is now converted to the Erzurum Congress building.
Bilkent Erzurum is a private international high school in the Palandöken district of Erzurum. It follows the IB curriculum.
Sports
[edit]
Venues[edit]
2011 Winter Universiade opening in Kazım Karabekir Stadium.
The K-95 (left) and K-125 (right) ski jumping towers at Kiremitliktepe.
Kazım Karabekir Stadium
Erzurum Ice Hockey Arena
GSIM Yenişehir Ice Hockey Hall
Milli Piyango Curling Arena
Kiremitliktepe Ski Jump
International events hosted[edit]
Erzurum has hosted the following international winter sports events:
11th World Ice Hockey U18 Championships-Division III – Group B Tournament – March 9–15, 2009
12th World Ice Hockey U18 Championships-Division III – Group A Tournament – March 8–14, 2010
25th Winter Universiade – January 27 – February 6, 2011
World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship – April 23 – 29, 2012
European Curling Championships – Group C Tournament – October 5–10, 2012
11th IIHF World Championship Division III – April 15 – 21, 2012
2017 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival – February 12 – 17, 2017
The city's initial football club Erzurumspor, which during 1998–2001 played in the Turkish Super League, was forced to relegate to the Turkish Regional Amateur League due to financial problems. It was finally dissolved in 2015.
After dissolution of Erzurumspor due to financial problems, Erzurum is presented by BB Erzurumspor in association football. It was founded as "Gençler Birliği Gençlik Spor Kulübü" in 1967 and took present name in 2014. It played in the Turkish Super League in 2018-19 and 2020-21 seasons.
Erzurum's football venue, the Cemal Gürsel Stadium, has a seating capacity for 21,900 spectators. To be able to carry out the competitions of the Winter Universiade, a ski jumping ramp, an ice hockey arena and a curling hall were built in Erzurum.
Frank Lenz disappearance[edit]
In May 1894, American bicyclist Frank Lenz disappeared outside the city on the final leg of his quest to circumnavigate the globe on a bike.
Climate
[edit]
Erzurum has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb, Trewartha climate classification: Dcbc) with very cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. The average maximum daily temperature during August is around 28 °C (82 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), on 31 July 2000. January is the coldest month, with an average minimum daily temperature around −16 °C (3 °F). The coldest recorded temperature is −37.2 °C (−35.0 °F) on 28 December 2002. Snow cover is frequent in winter, but the dry nature of the climate usually prevents large accumulation. Winter temperatures in this city are exceptionally cold for their latitude, being more comparable to Russia than to somewhere in the Middle East.
Climate data for Erzurum (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–2023)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
10.4(50.7)
10.6(51.1)
21.4(70.5)
26.5(79.7)
29.6(85.3)
32.3(90.1)
35.6(96.1)
36.5(97.7)
33.3(91.9)
27.0(80.6)
20.7(69.3)
14.0(57.2)
36.5(97.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−4.0(24.8)
−2.4(27.7)
3.9(39.0)
12.1(53.8)
17.6(63.7)
22.9(73.2)
27.7(81.9)
28.5(83.3)
23.7(74.7)
16.4(61.5)
7.3(45.1)
−1.2(29.8)
12.7(54.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−10.2(13.6)
−8.8(16.2)
−1.9(28.6)
5.5(41.9)
10.5(50.9)
14.8(58.6)
19.1(66.4)
19.5(67.1)
14.3(57.7)
8.1(46.6)
0.2(32.4)
−7.1(19.2)
5.3(41.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−15.9(3.4)
−14.7(5.5)
−7.5(18.5)
−0.7(30.7)
3.4(38.1)
6.1(43.0)
9.9(49.8)
10.0(50.0)
4.4(39.9)
0.3(32.5)
−6.0(21.2)
−12.4(9.7)
−1.9(28.6)
Record low °C (°F)
−36.0(−32.8)
−37.0(−34.6)
−33.2(−27.8)
−22.4(−8.3)
−7.1(19.2)
−5.6(21.9)
−1.8(28.8)
−1.1(30.0)
−6.8(19.8)
−14.1(6.6)
−34.3(−29.7)
−37.2(−35.0)
−37.2(−35.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
16.2(0.64)
19.4(0.76)
34.9(1.37)
55.9(2.20)
72.4(2.85)
42.1(1.66)
21.9(0.86)
16.5(0.65)
22.7(0.89)
46.8(1.84)
25.6(1.01)
21.3(0.84)
395.7(15.58)
Average precipitation days
10.63
11.07
12.8
14.93
16.8
10.73
6.93
6.17
5.3
10.3
8.77
11.23
125.7
Average snowy days
15.2
13.96
12
4.32
0.36
0
0
0
0.04
0.8
5.16
11.84
63.68
Average relative humidity (%)
79.9
79.6
75.5
68.0
65.7
60.8
53.6
49.7
52.8
65.8
74.3
81.4
67.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours
108.5
121.5
155.0
183.0
235.6
300.0
331.7
316.2
252.0
201.5
144.0
89.9
2,438.9
Mean daily sunshine hours
3.5
4.3
5.0
6.1
7.6
10.0
10.7
10.2
8.4
6.5
4.8
2.9
6.7
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service
Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1991–2020), Meteomanz (snowy days 2000-2024)
Notable people
[edit]
Details of the Çifte Minareli Madrasa
Interior of the Yakutiye Medrese
The Statue of Nene Hatun, (1857 – 22 May 1955) was a Turkish folk heroine, who at her age of twenty showed bravery during the recapture of Fort Aziziye in Erzurum from Russian forces at the start of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.
Armenians[edit]
Hakop Karnetsi, (1618–1673) Armenian historian, geographer
Ghoukas Karnetsi, (1722–1799) Catholicos of All Armenians (1780–1799)
Hovhannes Karnetsi, (1750–1820) Armenian poet, pedagogue
Armenak Arzrouni, (1901–1963) Armenian photographer
Nikita Balieff, Armenian stage performer
Arshak Gafavian, Armenian military commander
Johannes Avetaranian (a.k.a. Mehmet Sükrü), Seyyid (self-proclaimed descendant of the prophet Muhammed), Christian missionary
Karekin Pastermadjian, a leader of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and an ambassador of Armenia to the US
Vartkes Serengülian, Armenian deputy in the Ottoman parliament killed during the course of the Armenian Genocide
Kourken Yanigian, American-Armenian author, engineer who murdered two Turkish consular officials in 1973
Turks[edit]
Acun Ilıcalı Television programmer
Adnan Polat, Ahiska-Turk, President of Galatasaray
Arif Sağ, Turkish singer, bağlama virtuoso
Bülent Güven, Political Scientist and Politician
Cemal Gürsel, the fourth president of Turkey
Fethullah Gülen, Islamic writer and preacher
Hasan Çelebi, world-famous Islamic calligrapher
Huseyin Avni Ulas, Influential Politician during the early period of the Republic of Turkey
İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi, Turkish and Sufi philosopher and encyclopedist
Nene Hatun, female defender of Erzurum during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78
Orhun Ene, Turkish Basketball player
Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen, Islamic scholar known for his book titled The Big Book of Islamic Catechism (Büyük İslâm İlmihali)
Recep Akdağ, minister of health of Turkey
Şair Nef'i, 17th century Turkish poet
Şakir Yavuz, Turkish German business executive and philanthropist
Others[edit]
Markos Vafiadis, leading cadre of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE)
Twin towns and sister cities
[edit]
Turkey portal
Shusha, Azerbaijan
Urmia, Iran (since 2015)
Notes and references
[edit]
^ a b c d e f Inalcik, Halil (1965). "Erzurum". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 712. OCLC 495469475.
^ Adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ Chariton, Jesse David (2011). "The Mesopotamian Origins of the Hittite Double-Headed Eagle". UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research. XIV – via ResearchGate.
^ "25th Winter Universiade - Erzurum 2011 - Main Results". www.fisu.net. Archived from the original on 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
^ "Erzurum 2024". www.deaflympics.com. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
^ a b (in Armenian) Darbinian, M. "Erzurum," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, vol. 4, p. 93.
^ Pourshariati 2017.
^ Garsoïan, Nina G. (1991). "Theodosioupolis". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2054. ISBN 0-19-504652-8..
^ a b See Joseph Laurent's extensive note in his (in French) L’Arménie entre Byzance et l’Islam depuis la conquête arabe jusqu’en 886, 1919, new edition revised and updated by Marius Canard (Lisbon: Librairie Bertrand, 1980), pp. 87–88, note 83.
^ (in German) Markwart, Joseph. Südarmenien und die Tigrisquellen nach griechischen und arabischen Geographen (Vienna: Mechitharisten-Buchdruckerei, 1930), pp. 41, 334, 339.
^ Robert H. Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth: The Historical Geography of Bardzr Hayk" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003), pp 42–44.
^ Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 5, p. 412, Tb., 1980.
^ Wilson & Maunsell 1911.
^ Kemalettin Köroğlu: The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom. In: Altan Çilingiroğlu/G. Darbyshire (Hrsg.): Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van. 6.–10. August 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 3 (Ankara 2005), p. 101.
^ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 103.
^ Garsoïan, Nina G. "The Foundation of Theodosiopolis-Karin" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 63–72.
^ (in Armenian) Arakelyan, Babken N. "Hayastani Khoshor Kagh'ak'nere" [The Great Cities of Armenia] in Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmutyun [History of the Armenian People]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 3, p. 232.
^ Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 310, 320.
^ Whittow. The Making of Byzantium, p. 322.
^ Arakelyan. "The Great Cities of Armenia", pp. 232–233.
^ Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M.; "Trabzon Imparatorluğu 2" 2016, Trabzon, (ISBN 978-605-4567-52-2); pp.133–134
^ John A Boyle. "Persia (RLE Iran A): History and Heritage" p 43
^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle, Vol.III, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, 1140.
^ Dadrian, Vahakn N. Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 141.
^ Balakian, Peter (2004-10-05). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 59, 127–129. ISBN 0-06-055870-9.
^ Kévorkian, Raymond. The Armenian Genocide: A History. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 289-318.
^ See Richard G. Hovannisian, "The Competition for Erzerum, 1914–1921" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 378ff.
^ a b "Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri". Dergipark. p. 2. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
^ Bayir, Derya (2016-04-22). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.
^ Fleet, Kate; Kunt, I. Metin; Kasaba, Reşat; Faroqhi, Suraiya (2008-04-17). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 536, nº 80, e p. 551, nº 112
^ Meyendorff 1989, p. 108-109, 284, 343.
^ "Titular See of Aprus, Turkey". GCatholic. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
^ a b c d e "Kaza Erzurum". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
^ Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 369.
^
"Europe gas pipeline deal agreed". BBC News. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
^ "Turkey, EU countries sign gas pipeline deal". Today's Zaman. 2009-07-13. Archived from the original on 2009-07-18. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
^ "Nabucco Summits Begins". Turkish Press. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
^ Ian Kelly (2009-07-13). "Signing Ceremony for the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Nabucco Pipeline" (Press release). United States Department of State. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
^ a b Erzurum city guide, travel guide, hotel guide, tourism guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://erzurumguide.com/
^ Akkus, Cetin; Akkus, Gulizar (2019-01-17). Selected Studies on Rural Tourism and Development. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781527526013.
^ "Kadayıf dolması | Traditional Sweet Pastry From Erzurum | TasteAtlas". www.tasteatlas.com. Retrieved 2025-12-08.
^ Cakmakci, Songul; Gurses, Mustafa; Hayaloglu, A. Adnan; Cetin, Bulent; Sekerci, Pinar; Dagdemir, Elif (7 September 2014). "Mycotoxin production capability of Penicillium roqueforti in strains isolated from mould-ripened traditional Turkish civil cheese". Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 32 (2): 245–249. doi:10.1080/19440049.2014.997808. ISSN 1944-0049.
^ "Culture of Çay (tea), A Symbol of Identity, Hospitality and Social Interaction". yakegm.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 2025-12-08.
^ "Erzurum'da Çay Kültürü". GÜNLÜK (in Turkish). 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2025-12-08.
^ "Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi". www.erzurum.edu.tr. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
^ "Atatürk University". Atatürk University.
^ osmancelik.com.tr, Osman ÇELİK. "Erzurum Üniversite Öğrenci Sayısı İle Kaçıncı Sırada? - Erzu". Erzurum Üniversite Öğrenci Sayısı İle Kaçıncı Sırada? - Erzu (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
^ "A lens on Lenz on the South Side".
^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020" (CSV). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ "Erzurum - Weather data by months". meteomanz. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
^ Kévorkian. The Armenian Genocide, pp. 533-34.
^ "Erzurum ile Azerbaycan kenti Şuşa 'kardeş şehir' oldu". Yeşil Iğdır Gazetesi (in Turkish). 2022-09-22. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
^ "Urmia, Erzurum sign sisterhood agreement". 7 April 2015.
Sources and external links
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Erzurum.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erzurum.
Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2017). "KĀRIN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
Erzurum Chamber of Commerce Archived 2022-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
GCatholic - former & titular see Theodosiopolis in Armenia
Bilkent Üniversitesi Erzurum Yerleşkesi
Over 600 well-organized pictures of museum, city, sights
Erzurum (Garin): Its Armenian History and Traditions - includes information on local Armenian monasteries, schools, poetry, dialect, figures, proverbs, habits, etc.
ArchNet.org. "Erzurum". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23.
Bibliography – Ecclesiastical history
Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 441
Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Tomo I, coll. 437–438
Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 6, p. 402
vteErzurumDistricts
Aşkale
Aziziye
Çat
Hınıs
Horasan
İspir
Karaçoban
Karayazı
Köprüköy
Narman
Oltu
Olur
Palandöken
Pasinler
Pazaryolu
Şenkaya
Tekman
Tortum
Uzundere
Yakutiye
Landmarks
Çifte Minareli Medrese
Kazım Karabekir Stadium
Erzurum GSIM Ice Arena
Palandöken Ice Skating Hall
Milli Piyango Curling Arena
Kiremitliktepe Ski Jump
Transport
Erzurum Airport
Education
Erzurum Technical University
Atatürk University
History
Sanasarian College
Erzurum Congress
This list is incomplete.
vteErzurum in Erzurum Province of TurkeyDistricts
Aşkale
Aziziye
Çat
Hınıs
Horasan
İspir
Karaçoban
Karayazı
Köprüköy
Narman
Oltu
Olur
Palandöken
Pasinler
Pazaryolu
Şenkaya
Tekman
Tortum
Uzundere
Yakutiye
Districts of ErzurumList of provinces by regionIstanbul
Istanbul
West Marmara
Balıkesir
Çanakkale
Edirne
Kırklareli
Tekirdağ
Aegean
Afyonkarahisar
Aydın
Denizli
İzmir
Kütahya
Manisa
Muğla
Uşak
East Marmara
Bilecik
Bursa
Düzce
Eskişehir
Kocaeli
Sakarya
Yalova
West Anatolia
Ankara
Karaman
Konya
Mediterranean
Adana
Antalya
Burdur
Hatay
Isparta
Kahramanmaraş
Mersin
Osmaniye
Central Anatolia
Aksaray
Kayseri
Kırıkkale
Kırşehir
Nevşehir
Niğde
Sivas
Yozgat
West Black Sea
Amasya
Bartın
Bolu
Çankırı
Çorum
Karabük
Kastamonu
Samsun
Sinop
Tokat
Zonguldak
East Black Sea
Artvin
Giresun
Gümüşhane
Ordu
Rize
Trabzon
Northeast Anatolia
Ağrı
Ardahan
Bayburt
Erzincan
Erzurum
Iğdır
Kars
Central East Anatolia
Bingöl
Bitlis
Elazığ
Hakkâri
Malatya
Muş
Tunceli
Van
Southeast Anatolia
Adıyaman
Batman
Diyarbakır
Gaziantep
Kilis
Mardin
Siirt
Şanlıurfa
Şırnak
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
vteLargest cities or towns in TurkeyTÜİK's address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published on 7 February 2024.
Rank
Name
Pop.
Rank
Name
Pop.
1
Istanbul
15,655,924
11
Mersin
1,938,389
2
Ankara
5,803,482
12
Diyarbakır
1,818,133
3
İzmir
4,479,525
13
Hatay
1,544,640
4
Bursa
3,214,571
14
Manisa
1,475,716
5
Antalya
2,696,249
15
Kayseri
1,445,683
6
Konya
2,320,241
16
Samsun
1,377,546
7
Adana
2,270,298
17
Balıkesir
1,273,519
8
Şanlıurfa
2,213,964
18
Tekirdağ
1,167,059
9
Gaziantep
2,164,134
19
Aydın
1,161,702
10
Kocaeli
2,102,907
20
Van
1,127,612
vteAncient settlements in TurkeyAegean
Abbassus
Abrostola
Achaion Limen
Acharaca
Acmonia
Acrassus
Adramyttium
Agatheira
Aegae
Airai
Aizanoi
Alabanda
Alia
Alinda
Allianoi
Almura
Amnista
Amorium
Amos
Amynanda
Amyzon
Anaua
Anineta
Annaea
Antandrus
Antioch on the Maeander
Apamea in Phrygia
Aphrodisias
Apollonia in Mysia
Apollonia Salbaces
Apollonis
Apollonos Hieron
Appia
Appolena
Aragokome
Araukome
Arcadiopolis
Arilla
Aroma
Aspaneus
Astragon
Astyra near Adramyttium
Astyra near Pergamon
Astyria
Atarneus
Atarneus sub Pitanem
Attea
Attuda
Augustopolis
Aulae
Aurelia Neapolis
Aureliopolis in Lydia
Aurokra
Bageis
Bargasa
Bargasa in northern Caria
Bargylia
Beudos
Beycesultan
Birgena
Blaundus
Bonitai
Boukolion
Boutheia
Briula
Bruzus
Bybassus
Cadi
Callipolis
Caloe
Canae
Carene
Carmylessus
Carura
Caryanda
Castabus
Casystes
Cedreae
Celaenae
Ceramus
Chalcetor
Choria
Chrysaoris
Chytrium
Cidramus
Cindye
Cisthene
Clannuda
Claros
Colophon
Colossae
Conium
Coryphas
Cybeleia
Cyllandus
Cyme
Daldis
Dareioukome
Dideiphyta
Didyma
Digda
Dioclea
Dionysiopolis
Dios Hieron in Ionia
Dios Hieron in Lydia
Dioskome
Docimium
Doroukome
Eibeos
Eiokome
Elaea
Eluza
Embatum
Emoddi
Ephesus
Erines
Erythrae
Erythras
Etsyena
Euaza
Eukarpia
Euhippe
Eumeneia
Euromus
Euthenae
Euxine
Gambrium
Gerga
Gergitha
Gerriadai
Glauke
Gryneium
Halicarnassus
Halisarna
Harpasa
Helos
Heraclea at Latmus
Heraclea in Aeolis
Heraclea in Lydia
Heraclea Salbace
Hermocapelia
Hierapolis
Hieropolis
Hierocaesarea
Homadena
Hydai
Hydas
Hydissus
Hygassos
Hyllarima
Hypaepa
Hypokremnos
Hyrcanis
Iasos
Iaza
Idyma
Ioniapolis
Ioudda
Ipsus
Isinda in Ionia
Iskome
Kadyie
Kaira
Kalabantia
Kasara
Kasossos
Kaualena
Kaunos
Kaymakçı Tepe
Kilaraza
Kildara
Klazomenai
Kleimaka
Kleros Politike
Knidos
Koddinou Petra
Koraia
Korakoe
Koresa
Kouara
Kyllene
Kymnissa
Kys
Labraunda
Lagina
Lalandos
Lamyana
Lankena
Laodicea on the Lycus
Larisa in Caria
Larisa in Ionia
Larisa in Lydia
Larissa Phrikonis
Larymna
Lasnedda
Latmus
Lebedus
Leimon
Leucae
Leucophrys
Limantepe
Lobolda
Loryma
Lunda
Lydae
Lyrna
Lysimachia
Madnasa
Maeandropolis
Magnesia ad Sipylum
Magnesia on the Maeander
Maiboza
Maionia in Lydia
Malene
Marathesium
Mastaura
Meiros
Meiros Megale
Melampagos
Meloukome
Metropolis in Lydia
Metropolis in southern Phrygia
Miletus
Mylasa
Mobolla
Mokolda
Mossyna
Mostene
Motella
Myloukome
Myndus
Myrina
Myus
Nais
Nasos
Naulochon
Naulochus
Naxia
Neapolis
Neonteichos
Nisyra
Notion
Nymphaeum
Nysa on the Maeander
Odon
Oenoanda
Olaeis
Olymos
Oroanna
Orthoisa
Ortygia
Otrus
Palaemyndus
Palaeopolis
Panasion
Panormus near Miletus
Panormus near Halicarnassus
Parsada
Parthenium
Passala
Passanda
Pedasa
Peltae
Pepuza
Pergamon
Perperene
Philadelphia in Lydia
Phocaea
Phoenix in Caria
Physcus
Phyteia
Pidasa
Pinara
Pisilis
Pisye
Pitane
Pladasa
Plarasa
Polichna in Ionia
Polichne in Ionia
Polybotus
Pordoselene
Priene
Prymnessus
Pteleum
Pydnae
Pygela
Pyrnus
Pyrrha
Saouenda
Sardis
Satala in Lydia
Sebaste in Phrygia
Sebastopolis in Caria
Setae
Side in Caria
Sidussa
Silandus
Sillyos
Sion
Skolopoeis
Smyrna
Soa
Spore
Stadia
Stectorium
Stratonicea in Lydia
Stratonicea in Caria
Strobilos
Syangela
Symbra
Synaus
Syneta
Synnada
Syrna
Tabae
Tabala
Tateikome
Taza
Teichiussa
Telandrus
Temenothyra
Temnos
Tempsis
Tendeba
Teos
Termera
Teuthrania
Thasthara
Theangela
Thebe Hypoplakia
Thebes
Thera
Thyaira
Thyatira
Thymbrara
Thyssanus
Tisna
Tlos in Caria
Tomara
Traianopolis
Trapezopolis
Trarium
Triopium
Tripolis on the Meander
Troketta
Tyanollos
Tymion
Tymnos
Ula
Uranium
Zemmeana
Zingotos Kome
Black Sea
Abonoteichos
Aegialus
Aiginetes
Alaca Höyük
Amasia
Amastris
Ancon
Anticinolis
Argyria
Armene
Athenae
Berissa
Bonita
Boon
Cabira
Cales
Callistratia
Carambis
Carissa
Carussa
Cerasus
Chadisia
Cinolis
Cizari
Colonia in Armenia
Colussa
Comana in the Pontus
Coralla
Cordyle
Cratia
Crenides
Cromen
Cromna
Cyptasia
Cytorus
Dia
Diacopa
Elaeus
Endeira
Erythini
Euchaita
Eusene
Gadilon
Garius
Garzoubanthon
Gaziura
Gozalena
Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
Hattusa
Heraclea Pontica
Heracleium
Hermonassa
Hieron Oros
Hüseyindede Tepe
Hyssus
Ibora
Ischopolis
Karza
Kelesa
Kimista
Laodicea Pontica
Libiopolis
Lillium
Metroon
Mokata
Naustathmus
Nerik
Nicopolis
Ophis
Oxinas
Patara
Pharnacia
Phazemon
Philocaleia
Pida
Pimolisa
Polemonium
Pompeiopolis
Potami
Prusias ad Hypium
Pteria in Paphlagonia
Salatiwara
Samuha
Sandaraca
Sapinuwa
Satala
Saurania
Sebastopolis in Pontus
Stephane
Syderos
Themiscyra
Thymena
Timolaeum
Tium
Tripolis
Virasia
Yazılıkaya
Zagorus
Zaliche
Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
Ziporea
Central Anatolia
Abouadeineita
Alişar Hüyük
Amblada
Anadynata
Anastasiopolis
Andabalis
Anisa
Anniaca
Antoniopolis
Anzoulada
Aquae Saravenae
Aralla
Arasaxa
Araunia
Archalla
Ardistama
Ariaramneia
Ariarathia
Armaxa
Artiknos
Aspenzinsos
Astra
Atenia
Balbissa
Balgatia
Barate
Bathys Rhyax
Binbirkilise
Blucium
Borissos
Campae
Camuliana
Candara
Carus Vicus
Çatalhöyük
Cimiata
Ciscissus
Cinna
Claneus
Comitanassus
Congustus
Corna
Corniaspa
Coropassus
Cotenna
Cybistra
Cyzistra
Dadastana
Dasmenda
Derbe
Diocaesarea
Doara
Dometiopolis
Dorylaeum
Ecdaumava
Ecobriga
Ergobrotis
Euaissa
Eudocia (Cappadocia)
Eudocia (Phrygia)
Eulepa
Faustinopolis
Germa
Gorbeus
Gordium
Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
Heraclea Cybistra
Herpha
Hieropotamon
Homana
Hyde
Ilistra
Irenopolis
Isauropolis
Juliopolis
Kaman-Kalehöyük
Kanotala
Karbala
Keissia
Kerkenes
Kilistra
Kindyria
Kobara
Kodylessos
Korama
Koron
Kültepe (Kanesh)
Lageina
Lamatorma
Laodicea Combusta
Laroumada
Lauzadus
Limnae
Lystra
Malandasa
Malus in Galatia
Malus in Phrygia
Meloë
Metropolis in northern Phrygia
Midaeium
Mistea
Mnizus
Mokissos
Mourisa
Moutalaske
Musbanda
Myrika
Nakoleia
Nazianzus
Nitazi
Nora
Nyssa
Ochras
Olosada
Orcistus
Papirion
Parnassus
Pedachtoë
Pedaia
Peium
Perta
Pessinus
Pharax
Phlara
Pillitokome
Pissia
Pithoi
Pontanena
Posala
Pteria
Purushanda
Pyrgoi
Sadagolthina
Salamboreia
Salarama
Sasima
Savatra
Sbida
Sedasa
Senzousa
Sereana
Sibora
Sidamaria
Skandos
Soanda
Soandos
Sora
Takourtha
Tavium
Thebasa
Thouththourbia
Tiberiopolis
Trocmades
Tyana
Tynna
Tyriaeum
Vasada
Verinopolis
Zeita
Zizima
Eastern Anatolia
Altıntepe
Ani
Arsamosata
Cafer Höyük
Camachus
Citharizum
Dadima
Justinianopolis
Melid
Sugunia
Theodosiopolis
Tushpa
Marmara
Abarnis
Abydos
Achaiion
Achilleion
Ad Statuas
Adrasteia
Aegospotami
Agora
Aianteion in Thrace
Aianteion in the Troad
Ainos
Alexandria Troas
Alopeconnesus
Ammoi
Amycus
Anaplous
Apamea Myrlea
Aphrodisias
Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
Aprus
Apsoda
Arbeila
Argiza
Argyria
Argyronion
Argyropolis
Arisba
Artace
Artaiouteichos
Artanes
Assos
Astacus
Astyra in Troad
Athyras
Aureliane
Aureliopolis
Baradendromia
Baris
Basilica Therma
Basilinopolis
Bathonea
Bathys Limen
Beodizo
Bergule
Birytis
Bisanthe
Bitenas
Bithynium
Blachernae
Bolos
Boradion
Brunca
Burtudizon
Bythias
Byzantium
Byzapena
Caenophrurium
Callum
Calpe
Canopus
Cardia
Cebrene
Cenchreae
Cenon Gallicanon
Chalcaea
Chalcedon
Charax
Charmidea
Chelae on the Black Sea
Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
Choiragria
Chryse
Chrysopolis
Cius
Clitae
Cobrys
Cocylium
Colla
Colonae
Cremaste
Crenides
Cressa
Crithote
Cypasis
Cypsela
Cyzicus
Dadokome
Dacibyza
Damalis
Daphne Mainomene
Daphnus
Dardanus
Dascylium
Dascylium in Bithynia
Dekaton in Bithynia
Dekaton in Thrace
Delkos
Delphin
Deris
Desa
Didymateiche
Diolkides
Drabus
Drizipara/Drusipara
Eirakla
Elaea in Bithynia
Elaeus
Elekosmioi
Embolos
Ergasteria
Eribolum
Gargara
Gentinos
Gergis
Germa
Germanicopolis
Hadriani ad Olympum
Hadriania
Hadrianotherae
Halone
Hamaxitus
Harpagion
Hebdomon
Helenopolis/Drepanum
Heracleium
Hermaion
Hieria
Hierion
Iasonion
Ide
Ilieon Kome
Kabia
Kalamos
Kalasyrta
Kale Peuke
Kalos Agros
Kampos
Kassa
Katapaspanas
Kepos
Kizoura
Koila
Kolonai
Kosilaos
Koubaita
Kyparodes
Kypra
Lamponeia
Lampsacus
Larisa in Troad
Lasthenes
Leptoia
Liada
Libum
Libyssa
Limnae in Bithynia
Limnae in Thrace
Linus
Lupadium
Lygos
Lysimachia
Madytus
Mantineion
Marpessos
Miletopolis
Mocasura
Mochadion
Modra
Morzapena
Mossynea
Moukaporis
Myrileion
Narco
Nassete
Nausikleia
Nausimachion
Neandreia
Neapolis on the Bosphorus
Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
Neonteichos
Nerola
Nicomedia
Oka
Ontoraita
Ophryneion
Orestias
Orni
Ostreodes
Pactya
Paeon
Paesus
Palodes
Panion
Pantichium
Parabolos
Parium
Paulines
Pegae in Mysia
Pegae in Thrace
Pege
Pentephyle
Percote
Pericharaxis
Perinthus
Petrozetoi
Pharmakia
Phidalia Petra
Phiela
Philia
Phosphorus
Pionia
Pitheci Portus
Placia
Ploketta
Poemanenum
Poleatikon
Polychron
Polymedium
Potamoi
Potamonion
Praenetus
Pratomysia
Prepa
Priapus
Prindea
Proconnesus
Proochthoi
Prusa
Psarela
Psyllium
Pyrrhias Cyon
Pytheion
Rhebas
Rhegion
Rhesion
Rhoiteion
Rouphinianai
Salmydessus
Sangarus
Scamandria
Scamandrus
Scepsis
Scylace
Scylla
Selymbria
Serrion Teichos
Sestos
Sigeion
Sirkanos
Smintheion
Soka
Strobilos
Sykai
Syllanta
Tarpodizo
Tarsus in Bithynia
Tattaios
Tenba
Terbos
Tesderamoska
Tetrakomia
Tipaso
Tragasai
Thynias
Traron
Tricomia in Bithynia
Troy (Hisarlik)
Tyrodiza
Tzurulum
Urisio
Utsurgae
Zeleia
Mediterranean
Acalissus
Acarassus
Adada
Adrasus
Aegae
Agrae
Alalakh
Amelas
Anabura in Pisidia
Anazarbus
Anchiale
Andeda
Andriaca
Anemurium
Ano Kotradis
Antigoneia
Antioch on the Orontes
Antioch of Pisidia
Antiochia Lamotis
Antioch on the Cragus
Antioch on the Pyramis
Antiphellus
Aperlae
Aphrodisias of Cilicia
Apollonia in Lycia
Arabissus
Araxa
Ariassus
Arima
Arnabanda
Arneae
Arsada
Arsinoe
Artanada
Arycanda
Aspendos
Augai
Augusta
Aulae
Aunesis
Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
Balbura
Baris
Bindaios
Bubon
Cabassus
Cadrema
Cadyanda
Callimache
Calynda
Carallia
Carmylessus
Casae
Castabala
Ceretapa
Cestrus
Charadrus
Choma
Cibyra Mikra
Claudiopolis
Colybrassus
Comama
Comana in Cappadocia
Comba
Conana
Coracesium
Corycium Antrum
Corycus (Kızkalesi)
Corydala
Cremna
Cretopolis
Crya
Cyaneae
Cyrrhus
Daedala
Dalisandus in Isauria
Dalisandus in Pamphylia
Damasei
Dias
Diocaesarea
Domuztepe
Elaiussa Sebaste
Elbessos
Emirzeli
Epiphania
Erymna
Etenna
Eudocia (Lycia)
Eudocias (Pamphylia)
Flaviopolis
Gagae
Gözlükule
Hacilar
Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
Halae
Hamaxia
Hierapolis
Hippucome
Holmi
Hyia
Idebessos
Idyros
Iotape
Irenopolis
Isaura Nea
Isaura Palaea
Isba
Isinda in Lycia
Isinda in Pisidia
Issus
Istlada
Juliosebaste
Kalanthia
Kalelibelen
Kandyba
Kanytelis
Karakabaklı
Karatepe
Karkabo
Kastellon
Kendema
Keraia
Kibyra
Kiphisos
Kirkota
Kitanaura
Kodroula
Kolbasa
Korasion
Korma
Kynosarion
Laertes
Lagbe
Lamos
Lebessus
Legeita
Limnae in Pamphylia
Limnae in Pisidia
Limyra
Lissa
Lycae
Lyrbe
Lysinia
Magarsa
Magastara
Magydus
Mallus
Malus in Pisidia
Mampsoukrenai
Mamure Castle
Manava
Mandane
Marciana
Marmara (Mnara)
Mastaura
Meloë
Melanippe
Meriana
Mezgitkale
Moatra
Mopsucrene
Mopsuestia
Morka
Moron Hydor
Moumoustra
Mylae
Mylios
Myra
Myriandus
Nagidos
Nauloi
Neapolis in Pisidia
Nephelis
Nisa
Octapolis
Olba
Olbasa
Olbia
Olympus
Öküzlü
Onobara
Orokenda
Otanada
Ouerbe
Padyandus
Palaeopolis
Panemotichus
Panhormus
Pargais
Parlais
Patara
Pednelissus
Perga
Perminounda
Phaselis
Phellus
Philadelphia in Cilicia
Philaea
Phoenicus
Phoenix in Lycia
Pisarissos
Pisurgia
Placoma
Platanus
Podalia
Pogla
Prostanna
Pseudokorasion
Ptolemais
Rhodiapolis
Rhoscopus
Rhosus
Rygmanoi
Sabandus
Sagalassos
Sandalium
Saraganda
Sebeda
Seleucia in Pamphylia
Seleucia Pieria
Seleucia Sidera
Selge
Selinus
Seroiata
Serraepolis
Sia
Sibidounda
Sibyla
Side
Siderus
Sidyma
Sillyon
Simena
Sinda
Siricae
Soli
Solyma
Sozopolis
Sura
Syca
Syedra
Takina
Tapureli
Tardequeia
Tarsus
Teimiussa
Tell Judaidah
Tell Tayinat
Telmessos
Telmessos (Caria)
Tenedos
Termessos
Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
Titiopolis
Tityassus
Tlos
Toriaeum
Tragalassus
Trebendae
Trebenna
Trysa
Tyberissus
Tyinda
Tymandus
Tynada
Typallia
Xanthos
Yanıkhan
Yumuktepe
Zenopolis in Isauria
Zenopolis in Lycia
Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
SoutheasternAnatolia
Amida
Antioch in the Taurus
Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
Apamea on the Euphrates
Carcathiocerta
Carchemish
Çayönü
Dabanas
Dara
Doliche
Edessa
Göbekli Tepe
Hallan Çemi Tepesi
Harran
Khashshum
Kussara
Matiate
Nevalı Çori
Nicopolis in Cilicia
Nisibis
Sakçagözü
Sam'al
Samosata
Sareisa
Seleucia at the Zeugma
Sitai
Sultantepe
Tille
Tushhan
Urima
Urshu
Zeugma
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